A group of researchers from a well-known technology company in Israel showed a significant antiviral effect of a combination of terpenes and cannabidiol against a human coronavirus strain 229E. This exciting and first-of-its-kind report is currently available on the bioRxiv* preprint server.
While we are still heavily preoccupied with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), we have to acknowledge four non-zoonotic and endemic human coronaviruses that cause mild upper respiratory tract infections and also warrant our attention.
One of them is HCoV-229E, which is much less virulent than highly contagious SARS-CoV-2, it is amenable as an alternative preliminary research model for various therapeutics. This means there is no need for a biosafety level 4 facility, as is the case with the novel coronavirus.
Furthermore, the potential of phytochemicals (such as terpenes) as antiviral agents was recently appraised and has received a significant amount of attention, particularly considering that these substances are affordable, pervasive in nature, and showing a relatively low toxicity profile.
More specifically, terpenes are natural, volatile compounds found in plants containing only carbon, oxygen and hydrogen atoms. A myriad of in vitro studies have shown their potential to treat a wide array of viral infections.
The aim of this study done by researchers from Eybna Technologies Ltd. in Givat Hen, Israel was to assess the antiviral activity and the mode of antiviral action of a proprietary terpene formulation (code name used in this study was NT-VRL-1) against HCoV-229E – with and without the addition of cannabidiol.
Testing the value of cannabis phytochemicals
This study is the first one to test the value of cannabis phytochemicals against a coronavirus. The aforementioned NT-VRL-1 formulation is composed of thirty natural terpenes found not only in cannabis but also in other plants.
As a natural antiviral compound shown to be quite effective against SARS-associated coronaviruses, pyrazofurin was used as a positive control. Furthermore, glycyrrhizin is also known for its antiviral action against SARS-associated coronaviruses, serving as a second positive control in this study.
The mechanism of antiviral action for NT-VRL-1 was ascertained by adding the compounds to uninfected lung cells prior to and following the inoculation with HCoV-229E. The time-of-addition assays helped in determining the points at which the tested compound inhibited HCoV-229E replication.
Finally, the cytopathic effect under an inverted microscope was used to assess these compounds' therapeutic activity. In contrast, a specific in vitro cell viability colorimetric assay involving human lung fibroblasts (MRC-5 cells) was used to examine the cells' mitochondrial activity.
Effects of terpenes and CBD applied post-infection on the replication and cytopathic effect of HCoV-229E in MRC-5 cells. (A) Healthy MRC-5 cells, (B) MRC-5 cells at 72 h after infection with HCoV-229E, (C) MRC-5 cells that were pretreated with terpenes, photographed 72 h after infection with HCoV-229E and (D) MRC-5 cells that were pretreated with terpenes and CBD, photographed 72 h after infection with HCoV- 229E.
This news article was a review of a preliminary scientific report that had not undergone peer-review at the time of publication. Since its initial publication, the scientific report has now been peer reviewed and accepted for publication in a Scientific Journal. Links to the preliminary and peer-reviewed reports are available in the Sources section at the bottom of this article. View Sources
A compounding antiviral effect
"Our results demonstrate that NT-VRL-1's antiviral effect was most pronounced in the pretreatment system, which may indicate that the compounds' antiviral effect is based on the prevention of viral attachment and/or entry", accentuate study authors in this bioRxiv paper.
Under such conditions, both cannabidiol and NT-VRL-1 exhibited discernible antiviral effects, as did the positive controls (i.e., pyrazofurin and glycyrrhizin). Likewise, when cannabidiol and NT-VRL-1 were applied together, the researchers have observed a compounding antiviral effect that was even more robust than the one detected for positive controls.
Also, there was a strong correlation between the cell-viability assay results and the cytopathic effect observed under the microscope after 72 hours. The results have also shown that NT-VRL-1 should preferably be pre-incubated with cells prior to virus exposure to achieve the full antiviral effect.
Potential anti-inflammatory agents
"In this study, we report the antiviral activity of the NT-VRL-1 terpene formulation and show that that activity was enhanced when it was applied together with cannabidiol, suggesting either a synergetic or additive effect between the terpene formulation and CBD", the authors summarized their findings.
Several studies have already suggested that phytochemicals present in cannabis may be valuable as potential anti-inflammatory agents, which could help control the cytokine storm syndrome and acute respiratory distress syndrome linked to COVID-19.
Consequently, NT-VRL (either with or without cannabidiol) could be a rather useful prevention measure against coronaviruses in general. As the lungs represent the part of the body that is primarily affected by COVID-19, a preventative treatment that would go directly to the lungs (either via inhalation or by some other route) may be the perfect way to administer potentially useful therapeutics.
This news article was a review of a preliminary scientific report that had not undergone peer-review at the time of publication. Since its initial publication, the scientific report has now been peer reviewed and accepted for publication in a Scientific Journal. Links to the preliminary and peer-reviewed reports are available in the Sources section at the bottom of this article. View Sources
Article Revisions
- Apr 5 2023 - The preprint preliminary research paper that this article was based upon was accepted for publication in a peer-reviewed Scientific Journal. This article was edited accordingly to include a link to the final peer-reviewed paper, now shown in the sources section.
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