In their recent study, researchers from Lithuania have reported the emergence of a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variant lineage B.1.1.523 containing a set of mutations associated with immune escape, including deletion 156_158del, substitution E484K and S494P in Spike (S) protein.
The novel SARS-CoV-2 variant lineage B.1.1.523 was added to the list of variants under the World Health Organization's Monitoring (VUM) section on July 14, 2021.
The team conducted an analysis to evaluate the origin of the newly discovered variant as well as predict potential epidemiological impacts and risks. Preliminary phylogenetic analysis indicated that this variant has a distinct viral lineage that may have originated in Russia.
A pre-print version of the research paper is available on the medRxiv* server while the article undergoes peer review.
Study: Determining international spread of novel B.1.1.523 SARS-CoV-2 lineage. Image Credit: NIAID
This news article was a review of a preliminary scientific report that had not undergone peer-review at the time of publication. Since its initial publication, the scientific report has now been peer reviewed and accepted for publication in a Scientific Journal. Links to the preliminary and peer-reviewed reports are available in the Sources section at the bottom of this article. View Sources
The ever-growing list of SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequences
Genome sequencing has played a crucial role in SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development, as well as understanding the viral evolution. In many countries, sequencing is being utilized as a tool for epidemiological management of infection. As a result, a large dataset of SARS-CoV-2 genomes has been collected in the GISAID database, encompassing more than 3.7 million sequenced genomes from around the world.
As of May 31, 2021, World Health Organization (WHO) has proposed designations for global SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC) and variants of interest (VOI) to be used alongside scientific nomenclature in communications about variants to the public. There are currently five SARS-CoV-2 VOCs: Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and recently Omnicron, circulating the world.
Mutation overview in B.1.1.523 lineage. Several other mutations have been observed in the spike-protein sequence of B1.1.523 variant, including E156V, F306L, D614G, E780A, D839V and T1027I.
What did the researchers do?
The study was conducted as a part of routine analysis of the National Lithuanian sequencing results from national sequencing efforts coordinated by the National Public Health Surveillance Laboratory. Sequences used for the comparative analyses were downloaded from GISAID.
The distribution of cases of the lineage B.1.1.523 across countries at different time points. The “0” time point indicates the date of the earliest lineage sequence uploaded on the GISAID database. Only sequences that have the typical set of S mutations were considered (E484K, S494P, 156_158del). Only the cases which are corresponding to top 12 countries with the most abundant detection rate are included in the underlying data. The top 12 countries correspond to the 93 % of all cases.
Lineage assignment tool pangolin 3.1.11 was used to assign most likely lineage to all sequences. Phylogenetic analysis of full genomes was performed to elucidate the potential origin of the lineage and transmission cluster.
The S protein-based phylogeny was based on the S protein sequences extracted from GISAID and aligned to the reference COVID-19 sequence. The recombination detection was conducted using either genomic or protein sequence corresponding to the S protein.
What did the researchers find?
A novel SARS-CoV-2 variant, classified as B.1 by PANGO, was identified containing multiple S protein mutations associated with immune escape. The variant was assigned the new phylum name B.1.1.523 (https://github.com/cov-lineages/pango-designation/issues/69).
Escape effects of the E484, S494P mutations, and their combination. The ΔΔG values indicate a relative increase in binding energy compared to the wild-type structure as inferred from the FoldX calculations. The ΔΔΔG indicates the minimum difference between the ΔΔG of the double mutation and any of the two single point mutations. The large the value - the large the synergy (A). The structure of the antibody and receptor-binding domain of the S protein complex was affected by the S494P mutation most significantly (PDB ID: 7KN5) (B).
At the time of concluding this study, the total number of cases with the novel variant had reached 598 in over 32 countries. It is likely that the rapid increase in circulation of the Delta variant could have diminished the rise of B.1.1.523 lineage, however, the spread of the novel SARS-CoV-2 lineage did not cease and has even started to rise.
"Presence and spread of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.523 lineage is evident regardless of the rapid spread of the delta variant" the team highlights.
According to analysis, B1.1.523 has originated in Russian Federation and spread across European countries. The sequenced clades peaked at week 25 and then subsided. In total, 95 transmission clusters have been identified. The peak of B.1.1.523 transmission intensity was around April - May 2021. The most numerous transmission clusters were detected for the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) originating from Germany and Russia.
Currently, a vast growth of B.1.1.523 can be observed in Germany. Interestingly, the transmission of this lineage has diminished in Russia, where it was most expected to rise. Different diagnostic strategy approaches could explain this in the Russian Federation, where the testing is performed on non-randomly selected sources. Alternatively, this could be explained by the steep rise of the Delta variant in Russia, which started a month earlier than in Europe/ Germany.
The B.1.1.523 lineage possesses three or more mutations that characterize SARS-CoV-2 VOCs, including S:156-158 del, S:E484K and S:S494P. S:156-158 deletion at β-hairpin antigenic supersite located at the same region as that for the Delta variant (E156G and 157-158del). E484K mutation has been detected in Beta variant (B.1.351) and VUM Zeta (B.1.1.28). The mutation contributes to SARS-CoV-2 immune system evasion as evident from a significant reduction of convalescent serum neutralization. Additionally, S494P mutation is related to 3-5-fold reduced SARS-CoV-2 neutralization in sera. However, this mutation was not as potent at neutralization as E484K.
The team warns that with a combination of 158del, E484K, and S494P mutations, B1.1.523 lineage should remain on epidemiologists' watchlist as one of the most concerning SARS-CoV-2 lineages.
The maximum likelihood (ML) tree revealed several interesting properties of B.1.1.523. The base of the lineages leading to the B.1.1.523 sequences having a full set of expected S protein mutations branches away in clusters of sequences with the triple S:156_158del deletion. The sequences having the additional substitutions at S:484 and S:494 positions emerge further in the evolution. However, no clear indication was found on the sequential introduction of the mutations S:E484K, S:S494P to form the B.1.1.523 lineage.
The team shows by molecular modeling that the triple deletion del156-158 could decrease interaction in at least one monoclonal antibody. If combined with other immune escape enhancing mutations at RBD, this could result in a highly resistant variant to immunity.
Delta variant also possesses sequence changes at the S protein residues 156-158 that can induce immune escape and recombination with the B.1.1.523 variant, or de novo introduction of the N484K and S494P mutations could make the Delta variant even more dangerous.
"This variant needs to be carefully observed and studied to keep a look out for new mutations that may cause even more harm in the Covid-19 pandemic", the team concludes.
This news article was a review of a preliminary scientific report that had not undergone peer-review at the time of publication. Since its initial publication, the scientific report has now been peer reviewed and accepted for publication in a Scientific Journal. Links to the preliminary and peer-reviewed reports are available in the Sources section at the bottom of this article. View Sources
Journal references:
- Preliminary scientific report.
Zemaitis L., Alzbutas G., et al. (2021) Determining international spread of novel B.1.1.523 SARS-CoV-2 lineage. medRxiv. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.11.21.21266655, https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.21.21266655v1
- Peer reviewed and published scientific report.
Zemaitis, Lukas, Gediminas Alzbutas, Dovydas Gecys, Arnoldas Pautienius, Rasa Ugenskiene, Marius Sukys, and Vaiva Lesauskaite. 2022. “Determining the International Spread of B.1.1.523 SARS-CoV-2 Lineage with a Set of Mutations Highly Associated with Reduced Immune Neutralization.” Microorganisms 10 (7): 1356. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10071356. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/10/7/1356.
Article Revisions
- May 8 2023 - The preprint preliminary research paper that this article was based upon was accepted for publication in a peer-reviewed Scientific Journal. This article was edited accordingly to include a link to the final peer-reviewed paper, now shown in the sources section.
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