Study shows molecular details of HIV-1 assembly and viral envelope protein incorporation

Reviewed by Emily Henderson, B.Sc.Jun 21 2022

Assembly of HIV-1, which causes AIDS, takes place on the inner plasma membrane leaflet of infected cells, a geometric building process that creates hexamers out of trimers of the viral Gag protein, as guided by Gag's N-terminal matrix domain.

Yet certain details of that virion assembly have been lacking for four decades. In a study published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Jamil Saad, Ph.D., and colleagues provide the first atomic view of the matrix lattice, showing molecular details at 2.1 angstroms resolution, a step that advances the understanding of key mechanisms of viral assembly and viral envelope protein incorporation.

Our findings may facilitate the development of new therapeutic agents that inhibit HIV-1 assembly, envelope incorporation and ultimately virus production."

Jamil Saad, Ph.D., professor of microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham

The Gag protein is post-translationally modified, in which a lipid-like myristate group is added to help Gag bind to the plasma membrane. How the myristoylated matrix domain, or myrMA, of Gag assembles into lattice eluded detection until now.

Techniques with low molecular resolution -; such as cryo-electron diffraction and cryo-electron tomography -; suggested that the myrMA protein organizes as trimers, and these trimers then undergo higher-order organization to form hexamers of trimers. Saad's study is consistent with a recent study, which suggested that the myrMA protein undergoes dramatic structural changes to allow the formation of distinct hexameric lattices in immature and mature viral particles. Virus maturation is the last step of the virus replication cycle, as the capsid core forms inside the assembled virus, yielding infectious particles.

The envelope protein of HIV-1, or Env, is a transmembrane protein delivered to the plasma membrane by the cell's secretory pathway. The bulk of the Env protein extends beyond the membrane, but a tail hangs through the membrane back into the inside of the cell. Genetic and biochemical studies have suggested that incorporation of the viral Env protein into the virus particles also depends on interaction between the myrMA domain and the cytoplasmic tail of Env. In 2017, Saad's lab solved the high-resolution structure of the cytoplasmic tail of Env, which was the last unknown protein structure of HIV-1.

Env is a key infectivity protein. As a mature HIV-1 virus approaches a target cell, Env attaches to proteins on the outside of the uninfected cell, and then the Env protein snaps like a mousetrap to fuse the viral membrane with the cell membrane.

In the structures described by Saad and UAB colleagues, the myristic acid of myrMA plays a key role in stabilizing the lattice structure, so the ability to form crystals of myrMA was important. They achieved this elusive technical challenge by removing 20 amino acids from the end of the 132-amino acid myrMA. Formation of a Gag lattice on the plasma membrane is known to be obligatory for the assembly of immature HIV-1 and Env incorporation.

Saad and colleagues report that their myrMA lattice is arranged as a hexamer of trimers with a central hole, thought to accommodate the C-terminal tail of Env to promote incorporation into virions. Their myrMA crystals allowed them to observe the attached myr group in the lattice. They found that the myr group of one subunit of myrMA inserts in the hydrophobic cavity of the subunit across the two-fold axis, introducing a "myristoyl swap," and they also reported other molecular interactions between trimers. The researchers described additional molecular details that help stabilize the hexamer of trimer lattice.

By conducting mutagenesis studies coupled with a nuclear magnetic resonance, or NMR, technique, the researchers provided evidence that a single amino acid substitution in matrix -; Leucine-13 or Leucine-31 to a glutamic acid -; induced a conformational change in myrMA that may destabilize the trimer–trimer interactions within the lattice. Previous genetic studies indicated that substitution of Leucine-13 or Leucine-31 has adverse effects on Env incorporation.

Another important discovery in this study is the evidence of an alternating membrane binding mechanism of Gag, which is known to be mediated by interactions of the myrMA domain with phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, or PI(4,5)P₂, a lipid exclusively localized on the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. The UAB researchers showed that PI(4,5)P₂ is capable of binding to alternate sites on MA. This is consistent with a novel mechanism for alternating MA–membrane binding to PI(4,5)P₂ during assembly of the immature particle and during maturation.

"In conclusion, we provided an atomic view for the HIV-1 myrMA lattice that revealed invaluable structural insights on the arrangement of the myrMA subunits, trimers, the trimer–trimer interface, myr swapping, the impact of MA mutations defective of Env incorporation on the structure of myrMA and consequently lattice formation," Saad said. "Our data also supported an alternating MA–PI(4,5)P₂ binding mechanism during virus assembly and maturation. These findings have filled a major gap in our understanding of the mechanisms of Gag assembly on the plasma membrane and Env incorporation into virus particles."