New study provides promising results for metformin in periodontitis

Reviewed by Danielle Ellis, B.Sc.Aug 4 2023

Periodontitis, a prevalent global health concern, results in the gradual destruction of tooth-supporting tissues and is often exacerbated by oxidative stress conditions and bacterial changes. Current treatment methodologies include mechanical debridement, anti-inflammatory drugs, and regenerative surgery.

The researchpublished in the journal of Genes & Diseases, conducted detailed examinations on cellular interactions with Metformin, investigating its role in relation to HMGB1 during the progression of periodontitis. It was observed that Metformin could inhibit oxidative stress, and activate autophagy via the AMPK/mTOR pathway. Experimental periodontitis was induced in a murine model, and Metformin was found to attenuate alveolar bone resorption, a major hallmark of the disease.

A notable discovery from this study is that Metformin not only decreases oxidative stress in periodontal ligament cells but also activates autophagy, a cellular waste removal and recycling process, through the AMPK/mTOR pathway. This pathway has been shown to inhibit HMGB1-mediated oxidative stress in periodontal tissues.

The study concludes that Metformin can mitigate periodontal tissue damage through its anti-inflammatory effects, which involve reducing the expression and translocation of HMGB1, a key pro-inflammatory factor. These results align with previous studies demonstrating Metformin's capabilities in reducing oxidative stress.

HMGB1's pivotal role in inducing oxidative stress in periodontal cells adds further credence to this protein being a potential target for periodontal intervention. This opens up a promising avenue for future research and the development of drugs aimed at HMGB1.

"While our study presents compelling evidence on the protective role of Metformin in periodontitis, further research is needed," the research team stated. "We are optimistic that our findings will pave the way for more comprehensive studies on the relationship between Metformin and HMGB1 in periodontitis, ultimately leading to more effective treatment options."

The potential role of Metformin in managing periodontitis could be transformative, especially for patients suffering from both diabetes and periodontitis. The study's results offer hope for an affordable, well-tolerated, and readily available therapeutic option, building on Metformin's known antidiabetic effects. This aligns with the broader medical goal of developing targeted treatments that manage the disease's symptoms while also addressing its root cause.