Isolating nuclei is a crucial step for single nuclear RNA-sequencing and ATAC-sequencing workflows. Making sure that non-clustered, debris-free samples are produced is vital to effective library preparation.
Nuclei isolated from tissue samples often contain greater amounts of debris compared to that from cultured cells. Even when debris does not impact library preparation itself, it is of central importance to accurately count nuclei for single cell analysis.
Dual fluorescence counting utilizing the CellDrop™ FL Automated Cell Counter can clearly identify nuclei, unlysed intact cells and exclude debris using acridine orange/propidium iodide (AO/PI) counting.
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Methods
Nuclei were isolated from mouse embryonic brains in accordance with the 10x Genomics® protocol for the “Nuclei Isolation from Embryonic Mouse Brain for Single Cell Multiome ATAC + Gene Expression Sequencing. CG000366 Rev B”.
Minimizing large clusters is crucial for the downstream workflow of single-cell sequencing as these can obstruct the fluidic chips, leading to low quality libraries or failed sequencing experiments.
It is of absolute importance to filter nuclei suspensions in order to eliminate large clusters. Refer to the manufacturer’s protocol if large clusters of nuclei are seen. Likewise, eliminating intact cells that did not lyse during the procedure is also key.
Single-cell sequencing procedures such as those used by 10x Genomics® rely on isolated nuclei for the technology to properly determine expression differences in a cellular population. Numerous applications, including ATAC-seq, necessitate intact nuclei for the technique to function properly.
Generally, the sample volume for such methods is a constraining factor, so employing a single analysis volume for numerous quality control purposes can be advantageous.
The novel DirectPipette™ technology of CellDrop Automated Cell Counters allows for cell counting without disposable slides, and the variable chamber volume enables counting volumes ranging between 5 and 40 µL of sample.
As an alternative, the CellDrop is also compatible with common disposable plastic or reusable slides. This may enable the user to measure the nuclear isolation on the CellDrop and transmit the same slide to a microscope with a greater magnification for nuclear integrity analysis.
Cell viability applications can be used to measure the success of nuclei isolation. In conventional cell viability testing, the AO/PI dye combination stains live cells so they fluoresce green and the dead cells fluoresce red.
The stain will also successfully label isolated nuclei red and any intact residual cells green in this particular case. This enables the user to calculate the residual intact cells that are transferred as a percent of total counted and will establish if it is possible for the experimental workflow to proceed.
In this article, isolated nuclei were measured from mouse brains with both AO/PI and trypan blue. The settings are outlined in Tables 1 and 2.
Table 1. Recommended Settings for Counting Isolated Nuclei. Source: DeNovix Inc.
| . |
. |
| Count Application |
AO/PI |
| Chamber Height |
100 µm |
| Dilution Factor |
2 |
| Diameter(min) |
4 µm |
| Diameter (max) |
20 µm |
| Live Roundness |
1 |
| Dead Roundness |
1 |
| Green Fluorescence Threshold |
10 |
| Red Fluorescence Threshold |
1 |
Table 2. Recommended Settings for Counting Isolated Nuclei Using Trypan Blue. Source: DeNovix Inc.
| . |
. |
| Count Application |
Trypan Blue |
| Chamber Height |
100 µm |
| Dilution Factor |
2 |
| Diameter(min) |
6 µm |
| Diameter (max) |
30 µm |
| Live Roundness |
50 |
| Dead Roundness |
15 |
| Stained Threshold |
15 |
Results
Cell counting and viability assessment results are displayed in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Comparison of viability counts using either brightfield (trypan blue) or fluorescence (acridine orange/propidium iodide) methods. Image Credit: DeNovix Inc.
The viability using trypan blue was 54%, whereas that in AO/PI was 1.8%, significantly lower than trypan blue.
Figure 2. Automated image analysis of trypan blue stained cells. Image Credit: DeNovix Inc.
Manual observation using a microscope indicated that debris resembling live cells could be counted incorrectly as cells, and that some nuclei were missed and not counted (Figure 3). AO/PI, in contrast, is specific for live/dead cells and intact nucleic as it does not stain debris.
Figure 3. Comparison of trypan blue and acridine orange/propidium iodide methods for assessing cell viability. Image Credit: DeNovix Inc.
It is clear to see in this experiment that trypan blue can introduce variabilty to the total cell count and will give an overestimation of live cell number when compared to fluorescence methods. For this study, differentiation of cells and debris is accomplished using the two fluorophores, acridine orange and propidium iodide. [*NOTE* Rachael Kelley: This last sentence seems repetitive explaining acridine orange and propidium iodide again.]
The nuclear pore complex allows passive diffusion up to 30 – 60 kDa. Both AO and PI (~0.6 kDa) pass freely into the nucleus and will exhibit a red signal due to a FRET interaction between the two fluorophores.
Although both fluorophores can pass into the nucleus easily, only AO has the ability to diffuse across an intact cell membrane. This identifies live, intact cells by highlighting them green while successfully labeling all isolated nuclei as red. [*NOTE* Rachael Kelley: Same here, it seems like information that is stated in the beginning is being repeated later on.]
Minimizing the number of intact cells in the isolation is crucial, so precise enumeration of the intact cells with AO/PI will enhance quality control and boost consistency in the results of downstream workflows.
Given the requirement of the downstream workflows for accurate knowledge of isolated nuclei number, well-characterized dyes such as AO and PI and automated counting platforms that boost the precision of cell counting should be employed for reproducible and accurate results.
Combining the use of AO/PI fluorophores with the CellDrop Automated Cell Counter offers a significant enhancement compared to manually counting cells or automated systems using trypan blue. [*NOTE* Rachael Kelley: We don't really discuss the advantage of automated cell counting over manual in this article, do we? Maybe just one sentence about that earlier on so this sentence makes sense.]
The CellDrop provides the capacity to count cells without the need to use disposable plastic slides or to accommodate plastic slides if required. [*NOTE* Rachael Kelley: Repetitive from earlier]
The instrument also accommodates a greater dynamic range of cell concentrations that eradicates the harsh conditions of constantly spinning and concentrating cells. CellDrop offers a distinct advantage in relation to nuclei isolation protocols when compared with other automated cell counters.
About DeNovix, Inc.
DeNovix Inc. is an instrumentation company that designs, manufactures and sells laboratory equipment to meet the demands of today’s evolving life science technologies. Our focus is on providing innovative products and outstanding customer support. DeNovix is equipped with the financial, commercial and technical resources to deliver breakthrough products for your research success.
DeNovix also offers the DS-11 Series Spectrophotometer / Fluorometer, which combines fluorescence analysis and 1uL UV-Vis in the same instrument. Coupled with our new suite of dsDNA Fluorescence assays, DeNovix instruments provide a wider quantification range than any other instrument.
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