Researchers discover protein for treatment of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma

Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is an aggressive type of cancer with a poor prognosis for which there is currently no effective treatment. Researchers from the National University of Singapore (NUS) have discovered for the first time that an epithelial basement membrane protein, called laminin-5 gamma-2 (LAMC2), has the potential to be an ideal target for the treatment of ATC.

Led by Professor H. Phillip Koeffler, Senior Principal Investigator, and Dr Manoj Garg, Research Fellow, at the Cancer Science Institute of Singapore (CSI Singapore) at NUS, the team is also the first to demonstrate that effect of LAMC2 on cell growth, cell cycle, migration and invasion in ATC cells. This novel study was published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism last month.

Thyroid cancer is the most common cancer of the endocrine system. ATC are undifferentiated tumours of the thyroid follicular epithelium. This type of cancer has a poor prognosis due to their extremely aggressive nature and resistance to treatment. Overall survival from diagnosis is typically six months or less. As such, new therapeutic targets are needed to improve the clinical care of these patients.

The effect of LAMC2 on ATC cells

In their study, the researchers found that LAMC2 is over-expressed in a large cohort of ATC patient samples. Analysis of RNA data of ATC cells showed that LAMC2 is likely to play a role in the formation of tumours. They discovered that silencing of LAMC2 in ATC cells reduced their cell growth, migration and invasion. In addition, silencing of this protein impaired the cell cycle of ATC cells by arresting them at the growth phase to DNA replication phase, or the G1 to S phase transition, of their cell cycle.

At the same time, the study found that LAMC2 enhanced activation of growth signals through a cell surface protein called epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in ATC cells. EGFR plays an important role in the behaviour of malignant cells in a variety of human tumours by increasing proliferation. Increased expression of epidermal growth factor and EGFR has been detected in 58 per cent to 87 per cent of ATC when compared with normal tissue. The researchers demonstrated that simultaneous silencing of LAMC2 combined with various ways of silencing EGFR effectively inhibited the growth of tumour cells.