One of the body's tools for fighting off infection in a wound may actually slow down the healing process, according to new research by a team of Harvard University, Boston Children's Hospital, and Penn State University scientists. In a study published online in Nature Medicine on June 15, 2015, the researchers show that they can speed up wound healing in diabetic mice by preventing immune cells called neutrophils from producing structures called NETs (neutrophil extracellular traps) that trap and kill bacteria.
"In the fight against bacterial infection, NETs cause collateral damage that slows healing," said Yanming Wang, associate professor of biochemistry and molecular biology at Penn State and a member of the research team.
NETs are thought to reduce the risk of infection in a wound but they also form a dense, toxic mesh that interferes with the mobilization of new healthy cells and hinders tissue repair. The process is even more of a problem in individuals with diabetes, whose neutrophils produce more NETs. As a result, delayed wound healing is a common complication of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
To see how diabetes increases a neutrophil's ability to produce NETs, the researchers examined neutrophil cells from patients with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes. They found that these neutrophil cells contained four times the normal amount of the PAD4 enzyme -- a protein that catalyzes the production of NETs. Further experiments revealed that neutrophils from healthy donors or mice that were exposed to excessive glucose -- mimicking diabetes -- also were more likely to release NETs than neutrophils that were exposed to normal glucose levels.
Diabetic mice in the study had more NETs in wounds and healed more slowly than normal mice. However, when the team examined diabetic mice that lacked the PAD4 enzyme they found that the wounds of these mice healed more quickly. "Neutrophils of individuals with diabetes are primed to form NETs by high levels of PAD4, but when we eliminate or control the expression of the PAD4 enzyme in mice with diabetes, we can prevent NETs from forming and speed up healing," Wang said. "It remains to be tested if pharmacological intervention of PAD4 activity will benefit the healing process."
"NETs predispose patients to inflammation, heart disease, and deep-vein thrombosis -- dangerous blood clots that form within veins deep inside the body -- all of which are elevated in patients with diabetes," said the senior author of the study Denisa Wagner, senior investigator of the Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine at Boston Children's Hospital and Edwin Cohn Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School. "Any injury that causes inflammation will result in the production of NETs, and we think that if the injury involves skin repair, NETs will hinder the repair process."
When the skin is cut or broken, the body mobilizes a complicated array of cells and proteins to stop bleeding, prevent infection by triggering inflammation, and start the healing process. As part of the inflammatory response, neutrophils, which ingest and destroy bacteria, expel their own chromatin -- a mix of DNA and associated proteins -- in the form of NETs within the wound.
To see whether breaking up the NETs would have an effect similar to preventing their production, the research team treated mice with DNase 1 -- an enzyme that breaks up DNA and therefore can destroy NETs. After three days, wounds on DNase 1-treated diabetic animals were 20 percent smaller than on untreated animals. Interestingly, DNase 1 treatment appeared to accelerate wound healing in healthy mice, as well.
"The anti-microbial function of NETs may have been more important in the days before antibiotics were common and infections were a more pressing concern for human health," said Wang. "Now, as humans live longer lives, we may be able to reduce the detrimental effects of NETs in chronic diseases like diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and heart disease by controlling expression of the PAD4 enzyme."
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