Emergence and transmission of UK SARS-CoV-2 variant in the US

By Dr. Liji Thomas, MDFeb 9 2021

The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is still spreading across the world. Its spread is fueled by the emergence of newer, more infectious variants such as the B.1.1.7 variant, which emerged in the UK towards the latter part of 2020.

A new preprint on the medRxiv* server describes the impending rise to dominance of the B.1.1.7 variant in the US. Understanding this development will help to shape preventive action to reduce the infection and mortality rates.  

Study: Genomic epidemiology identifies emergence and rapid transmission of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 in the United States. Image Credit: joshimerbin / Shutterstock

This news article was a review of a preliminary scientific report that had not undergone peer-review at the time of publication. Since its initial publication, the scientific report has now been peer reviewed and accepted for publication in a Scientific Journal. Links to the preliminary and peer-reviewed reports are available in the Sources section at the bottom of this article. View Sources

The B.1.1.7 variant

The SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern (VOC) 202012/01 (a.k.a. 501Y.V1; B.1.1.7) lineage was first identified during the second half of 2020. Its early detection was due to large-scale and rapid sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 in the UK, as part of that country’s genomic surveillance program.

The UK variant shares the N501Y mutation with the South African and Brazil variants, but also has additional mutations. These ‘signature’ mutations include a deletion at 69/70, deletion at 144, along with A570D, D614G, P681H, T716I, S982A, and D1118H.

The UK variant is 40-70% more infectious than other variants, perhaps because the N501Y enhances the binding affinity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with the host cell receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). In addition, it may cause up to 30% higher mortality rates.

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests used to diagnose SARS-CoV-2 infection may offer an important clue to the presence of such viral lineages. This is because they have significantly different sequences at the target probe sites used in the test. The UK variant has a deletion at the 69/70 location, which typically leads to non-detection of the S gene by PCR tests based on the parent strains.

This is called S gene target failure (SGTF). In samples showing SGTF in the UK, the percentage of B.1.1.7 strains went up from 3% to over 90%, in the period beginning the week of October 12, 2020, and ending the week of November 30, 2020.

Increase in proportion of B.1.1.7 within SGTF

The current study explored the spread and prevalence of this variant in the USA. The researchers selected only SGTF samples for sequencing, as such samples are automatically enriched for B.1.1.7. The database comprised all SARS-CoV-2-positive samples tested at Helix facilities from July 2020 onwards, about half a million in all.

The Helix test for COVID-19 tests for three target antigens, the spike (S), the nucleocapsid (N), and the ORF1ab (open reading frame 1ab). If a sample detected both the N and ORF1ab but not the spike, it was termed an SGTF sample.

From the early part of October 2020, low-frequency SGTF began to be seen consistently, comprising 0.2% of daily positive tests by October 18. In January 2021, it rose from 0.8% to 4.2% from the first week to the last. Of all SGTF samples, 3.6% were of the B.1.17 lineage.

Also, SGTF samples were found in 22 of the 53 US states and territories in January 2021, comprising over 1% in many places, but with an uneven distribution.

Identification of B.1.1.7 by sequencing

Sequencing of the 460 SGTF samples obtained from December 2020 through January 2021, they found 45% to be of the B.1.1.7 variant across ten states. At least one case has been reported to be caused by this variant in 33 states and territories, altogether, using data from all testing laboratories.

In the current study, almost half came from California, and a slightly lesser number from Florida. These two states made up almost 180 of the B.1.1.7 sequences.

The Florida sequences most often contained an additional K1191N mutation as well as, in a single case, the immune escape mutation Q493K.

Increased growth rate of B.1.1.7 in the USA

The researchers also found that B.1.1.7 comprised 90% of all SGTF samples by the middle of January 2020, from a high of 95% in California to a low of 70% in Florida. By the end of the month, this variant caused 2% of all COVID-19 cases in the country, with an increase in transmissibility of 35-46%. The doubling time for this variant was estimated to be ~10 days in the US overall, ~12 days and ~9 days in California and Florida, respectively.

Phylogenetic analysis of B.1.1.7 lineage in the USA. (A) Maximum clade credibility (MCC) tree of the time resolved phylogenetic analysis of B.1.1.7 sequences in the U.S. in the context of sequences sampled globally. The gradient represents uncertainty in the tree topology. Clades that consist primarily of sequences sampled in the U.S. supported by a basal node with posterior probability =0.98 are colored in blue. The closest ancestral node to each clade with a posterior probability = 0.98 is highlighted in black. (B) The color scheme of terminal nodes sampled in the MCC tree. Sequences sampled outside the U.S. are colored in light gray. States with no B.1.1.7 sequence sampling in the dataset are shown in white. (C) The TMRCA of each clade highlighted in the MCC tree. (D) The proportion of the geographic sampling of sequences within each clade (singletons have been excluded, including those in Texas, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts). The colors follow the same scheme as shown in panel B.

Multiple introductions

The researchers also found that most of the B.1.1.7 sequences in the US were in two major clades, introduced independently into California. Smaller clades represented eight other introductions, such as the GA clade, containing three sequences from Georgia. There were 19 single strains caused by still other independent introductions.

The earliest introduction was reflected by the CA1 clade, which initiated sustained community spread in California in November 2020. Since then, multiple clades have been repeatedly brought into the country up to the present time. The B.1.1.7 variant has also been spreading between states and territories since December 2020, at least.

What are the implications?

Though B.1.1.7 variants are now at a low proportion of the circulating viral variants in the USA, it is growing at a much higher rate (an increase of 35-45%) relative to other strains. In fact, its doubling time indicates that the number of infections caused by this variant is doubling every 10 days.

These findings are consistent with those from other countries, and given the current trajectory of B.1.1.7 in the US, it is almost certainly destined to become the dominant SARS-CoV-2 lineage by March, 2021 across many US states.”

More research will be required, such as a strong national surveillance program involving genomic sequencing, to understand the real prevalence of this variant in the country. Its introduction, directionality of spread, and origin, are still unknown. However, the introductions seem to be associated with high-travel periods, with over a million travelers crossing checkpoints per day.

These include the peak Thanksgiving season as well as the Christmas and New Year holiday periods. The origin would therefore seem to be an introduction via international travel, which spread within the community rapidly.

The B.1.1.7 variant now makes up 90% of SGTF samples and its increased growth rate makes it likely that it will soon be simple to monitor its spread by using SGTF percentages. However, increased genomic surveillance is essential to assess and follow new variants that are emerging, possibly with higher transmissibility and virulence.

Unless decisive and immediate public health action is taken, the increased transmission rate of these lineages and resultant higher effective reproduction number of SARS-CoV-2 will likely have devastating consequences to COVID-19 mortality and morbidity in the US in a few months, if decisive action is not immediately taken.”

This news article was a review of a preliminary scientific report that had not undergone peer-review at the time of publication. Since its initial publication, the scientific report has now been peer reviewed and accepted for publication in a Scientific Journal. Links to the preliminary and peer-reviewed reports are available in the Sources section at the bottom of this article. View Sources