Despite socioeconomic status, racial and ethnic populations endure worse COVID-19 outcomes

Reviewed by Emily Henderson, B.Sc.May 18 2021

A research team, led by the University of Minnesota Medical School, found that regardless of socioeconomic status, Twin Cities residents of underrepresented racial and ethnic backgrounds endure worse COVID-19 outcomes compared to people who are white.

The study was just published in the Journal of General Internal Medicine and is one of the first papers to discuss which social and cultural factors, including non-English speaking, may or may not contribute to racial and ethnic health disparities related to COVID-19.

For people of color, even in the highest socioeconomic status, our data shows they still have worse COVID-19 outcomes compared to people who are white. We also found that, independent of race, ethnicity and socioeconomic status, non-English speaking is also associated with worse clinical outcomes in COVID-19. It puts patients at higher risk of disease not only across racial and ethnic populations but also within those populations."

Nicholas Ingraham, MD, Study Laed and Third-Year Fellow, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School

Using a data system developed over the last two years by the Minnesota Critical Care Outcomes and Research Effort (a multidisciplinary and national collaboration founded at the University of Minnesota), the team analyzed 5,577 de-identified patient records from the M Health Fairview system between March 4 and Aug. 19, 2020. A subset of these patients required hospitalization within 45 days of diagnosis, which were used in the study.

Researchers evaluated socioeconomic status through a proxy by matching those patients' nine-digit ZIP codes to an area deprivation index - a measure that uses 17 different markers of socioeconomic status from the U.S. Census data, including levels of education, poverty and safe housing, to assess the severity of deprivation within neighborhoods.

"When doing this analysis, we did see that there are differences in COVID-19 severity by race and ethnicity, just as many other national studies have already shared," Ingraham said. "But then, we adjusted for socioeconomic status to test the hypothesis that racial and ethnic disparities stem from differences in socioeconomic factors. When we did that, the race signal should have gone away, and we should have seen socioeconomic status as the cause for higher risk of hospitalization for certain patients. We actually saw the opposite. Socioeconomic status was not associated with severe disease, and race continued to be significant."

The study team recognizes that many other factors, including job type, genetics, testing access and systemic racism, may all play a role in COVID-19 health disparities. To provide more insight, Ingraham plans to expand on the study to determine which of the 17 factors within the area deprivation index may make patients more vulnerable to the disease. The team will also partner with the U of M School of Public Health to link their patient data set to other social determinants of health like environmental pollution and food deserts.

"Seeing an increased risk of severe COVID-19 disease in people of color and non-English speaking, independent of other known risk factors, these populations should be considered high priority for the continued vaccination rollout," Ingraham said.