Two additional studies define specific gut bacteria that are associated with increased dementia risk, as well as gut bacteria that may be neuroprotective. Previous research has connected the health and makeup of the gut microbiome, which is the community of microorganisms that live in our digestive tracts, with a number of other vital body functions.
Our body systems are all interconnected. When one system is malfunctioning, it impacts other systems. When that dysfunction isn't addressed, it can create a waterfall of consequences for the rest of the body."
Heather M. Snyder, Ph.D., Alzheimer's Association vice president of medical and scientific relations
"Still, there are a lot of unanswered questions about the connection between the health of our digestive system and our long-term cognitive function," Snyder said. "Answering these questions may uncover novel therapeutic and risk-reduction approaches for Alzheimer's and other dementias."
To study this relationship further, the Alzheimer's Association U.S. Study to Protect Brain Health Through Lifestyle Intervention to Reduce Risk (U.S. POINTER), with support from the U.S. National Institutes of Health, is examining the impact of behavioral interventions on the gut-brain axis to better understand how engaging in healthier habits impacts microorganisms in the gut and how changes in gut bacteria relate to brain health.
"While we await the results of the POINTER-Microbiome study, people should talk to their doctor about their digestive health and ways to alleviate constipation, such as increasing dietary fiber and drinking more water," Snyder said. "Eating well and taking care of your gut may be a pathway to reduce risk of dementia."
Constipation associated with worse cognition, more cognitive aging
Approximately 16% of the world's population struggles with constipation. That prevalence is even higher among older adults due to age-related factors like fiber-deficient diets, lack of exercise and the use of certain constipating drugs to treat other medical conditions. Chronic constipation — defined by having bowel movements every 3+ days — has been associated with long-term health issues like inflammation, hormonal imbalances and anxiety/depression.
To study this relationship, Chaoran Ma, M.D., Ph.D., former research fellow at Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School and current Assistant Professor at University of Massachusetts Amherst, assessed three prospective cohort studies of more than 110,000 people in the Nurses' Health Study, the Nurses' Health Study II, and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. Ma and team collected data on all participants' bowel movement frequency in 2012-2013 and their self-assessments of cognitive function from 2014 to 2017; objective cognitive function was measured between 2014 and 2018 in a subgroup of 12,696 participants.
The researchers found that less frequent bowel movements were associated with poorer cognitive function. Compared to those with bowel movements once daily, constipated participants (bowel movements every three days or more) had significantly worse cognition, equivalent to 3.0 years more of chronological cognitive aging. Bowel movement frequency of every three days or less was associated with 73% higher odds of subjective cognitive decline. They also found:
- A slightly increased risk of cognitive decline in those who had bowel movements more than twice a day.
- Study participants with certain specific levels of microbes in the gut — fewer bacteria that can produce butyrate and fewer bacteria responsible for digesting dietary fibers — had both less frequent bowel movements and worse cognitive function.
"These results stress the importance of clinicians discussing gut health, especially constipation, with their older patients," said senior investigator of this study, Dong Wang, M.D., Sc.D., an assistant professor at Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. "Interventions for preventing constipation and improving gut health include adopting healthy diets enriched with high-fiber and high-polyphenol foods such as fruits, vegetables and whole grains; taking fiber supplementation; drinking plenty of water every day; and having regular physical activity."
A novel connection between gut bacteria and Alzheimer's biomarkers
Mouse models of Alzheimer's have demonstrated connections between beta amyloid buildup and levels of certain gut microbiota. However, whether the buildup of Alzheimer's biomarkers is associated with shifts in the human gut microbiota is largely unknown.
To study this, Yannick Wadop, Ph.D., postdoctoral fellow at the Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases at UT Health San Antonio, and colleagues used fecal samples and cognitive measures from 140 cognitively healthy middle-aged individuals from the Framingham Heart Study (mean age=56, 54% female) to assess the relationship between gut microbiome composition with amyloid- and tau-PET measures.
They found that elevated levels of amyloid and tau as detected by brain scans were associated with lower levels of gut bacteria Butyricicoccus and Ruminococcus, and higher amounts of Cytophaga and Alistipes. The researcher's functional analysis suggested that Butyricicoccus and Ruminococcus may have neuroprotective effects.
"These findings begin to reveal more specific connections between our gut and our brain," Wadop said. "For example, we believe that the reduction of certain identified bacteria may increase gut permeability and the transport of toxic metabolites in the brain, thus increasing amyloid-beta and tau deposition."
"One plausible next step is to test whether introducing, increasing or reducing specific gut microbes might beneficially change levels of amyloid and tau," Wadop added. "This could help us identify potential new therapeutic approaches for Alzheimer's."
Low levels of healthy gut bacteria linked to poor cognition
To better understand the link between the gut microbiome and cognition in middle-aged and older adults, Jazmyn Muhammad, B.S., research associate at the Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases at UT Health San Antonio, and colleagues, examined fecal samples and cognitive test scores from more than 1,000 participants in the Framingham Heart Study (mean age=52, 55% female).
The researchers divided the study group based on participants' cognitive test scores and compared the microbiomes of participants scoring in the lowest 20% (i.e., poorer cognition) to those who scored higher. They found individuals with poorer cognition had lower levels of Clostridium and Ruminococcus. The bacteria Alistipes and Pseudobutyrivibrio were found to be highly abundant in those with poor cognition compared to other study participants.
"Further research is needed to better understand the possible neuroprotective effects of some of these bacteria," Muhammad said. "In the future, it may be possible to manipulate the abundance of these bacteria through diet and pre/probiotics to preserve brain health and cognitive function."
New insights into accelerated aging in young sickle cell patients