Biomedical scientists have revealed the inner workings of a group of proteins that help to switch critical genes on and off during blood-cell production, in a finding that could lead to the development of new and improved cancer drugs.
One of the proteins involved is linked to breast cancer, which is the most common cancer for women and kills more than half a million women around the world each year. Existing breast cancer treatments do not target this protein specifically.
Researcher Dr Daniel Ryan from The Australian National University (ANU) said the study could help explain how existing breast-cancer drugs work inside human cells.
"There are treatments for breast cancer which are in use today that are effective but we still don't know how they work," said Dr Ryan, from the John Curtin School of Medical Research.
"This research shines a light on an important set of proteins that could be targeted by these drugs and superior treatments yet to be developed."
The research is part of an international collaboration - involving ANU, the University of Sydney and The University of Pennsylvania in the US - that seeks to understand the mechanisms for gene regulation, particularly in relation to diseases such as cancer and blood disorders.
"By creating better targeted treatments for breast cancer and other serious diseases, we'll have better outcomes for patients because we'll be able to reduce toxicity and the risk of drug resistance," Dr Ryan said.
The research team described how a special group of proteins form into an enzyme that turns genes on and off to produce essential elements in the body, such as blood cells and stem cells.
"This enzyme is like a car and the proteins are the different parts that are used to make it. By knowing how these parts fit together, we can understand how the car works and hence we're in a better to position to fix it when something goes wrong," Dr Ryan said.
"We still need to pull the enzyme apart and explore the interactions between the various proteins involved to really grapple with this complex molecular machinery.
"Our ongoing research will help to advance our knowledge of how genes are regulated - a phenomenon that is not only vital to normal functions in the body, but also a key factor in many diseases."
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