The cause of smallpox is the variola virus, which is an example of an exclusive anthroponotic agent. This infectious disease plagued global health from the earliest documented settlements through nearly the end of the 20th century, with mortalities of 10–40%. It took the coordinated efforts of the world community under the guidance of the World Health Organization (WHO) to successfully eradicate smallpox.
What Is Smallpox?
Classification
The variola virus is a member of the family Poxviridae, subfamily Chordopoxvirinae, and genus Orthopoxvirus. The family Poxviridae comprises two subfamilies that include the Entomopoxvirinae and the Chordopoxvirinae, which infect insects and vertebrates, respectively.
In the genus Orthopoxvirus, 11 species that are antigenically and morphologically related can be found. These include eight Eurasian-African or Old World species and three North American or New World species. Only four of all those species represent significant human pathogens, which include the variola virus, monkeypox virus, vaccinia virus, and cowpox virus.
The aforementioned orthopoxviruses are immunologically cross-reactive and cross-protective; therefore, infection with any member of the genus provides protection against infection with any other member. Variola and other orthopoxviruses contain an unexampled set of genes whose protein products effectively modulate the numerous defense functions of the host organisms.
The variola virus is the most notorious member of this genus and is differentiated into two phenotypic subtypes based on its case fatality. The variola major subtype produces a generalized rash that progresses from the papular to vesicular, and finally to pustular stages, with mortality higher than 30% in unvaccinated individuals. On the other hand, the variola minor subtype has a mortality rate of 1%.
At the genus level, the closest relative to the variola virus is molluscum contagiosum, which is the only member in the genus Molluscipoxvirus. Although this virus is limited to the human host as well, infections with molluscum contagious are benign, resulting in single or multiple raised, pearl-like bumps (papules) on the skin.
Structure and genetics of the virus
The variola virus is a large brick-shaped particle that measure about 300 by 250 by 200 nm. The virion contains an envelope, a surface membrane, a concave core and two lateral bodies. The envelope of the virus is made of modified Golgi membranes that contain viral-specific polypeptides, including hemagglutinin.
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Within the core, there is a single linear double-stranded DNA genome of approximately 186 kilobases, which displays cross-linked hairpin termini composed of single-stranded loops of 100 nucleotides and encodes about 200 proteins. The genome replication involves self-priming, leading to the formation of concatemers that are isolated from infected cells and subsequently cleaved to make viral genomes.
The variola virus codes its own type IB topoisomerases, which release superhelical tension generated by replication and transcription of the genome. Its lifecycle is complicated by having multiple infectious forms, with diverse mechanisms of cell entry.
Although both the variola and monkeypox viruses are genetically and antigenically related, they differ in sequence within regions encoding host-range and virulence factors near the genome termini. In addition to molecular differences, those two viruses also have dissimilar host ranges.
Further Reading
Perspective delves into the rising threat of the MPX virus